58同城宣布旗下二手交易平台转转获腾讯2亿美元投资
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| ???? |
???, ????? ?????? ???????, neurovascular system  |
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| ????? ?????? |
cranial cavity |
| ????? ? |
?????? ??????????? ???????? ?????? |
| ????? | |
| ?????? (TA98) |
cerebrum |
| ??????????? ???????? |
A14.1.03.001 |
| TA2 (2019) |
5415 |
| ???? ???????? |
21 |
| ??? MeSH |
A08.186.211 |
| ???? MeSH |
D001921 |
| ????? ???? ??????? ??????? |
C1269537 |
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??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ????????, ??????? ???????????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????. ???, ?? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??????.
?? ???? ????, ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????: ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????, ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ??????. ?? ???, ?????? ???? ????? ???????????? – ???? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????, ?? ?? ?? ??? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?????.
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????????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ??? ???, ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????.[6] ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ????????? ??????. ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????, ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ????????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????.
??????? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ???? (Long-term potentiation). ?????? ??, ?????? ?? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ??. ???? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ????, ??? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ???????? ??????? ??? ?????. ?????? ?????, ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ???, ????? ????? ???? ???? (Long-term depression).
?????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????, ??? ????? ??????, ???? ????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ???? ???????? ????? ???? ?????? ????. ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ??? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????????. ????? ????, ????? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ??????, ???????? ?? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??????.
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?????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?????. ????? "??????" ????? ???? ?? ?????? ????????, ????? ?????? ?????, ?????? ????? ???? ?????? (?????? ?????) ?? ????? ??????? ???? (?????? ???????). ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??, ???? ?? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ?????. ????? ?? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????????, ??? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?? ???????? ???????? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????.
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????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????:
- ????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ????????. ???????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ???, ???? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ????. ???????? ????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ?????. ??? ??, ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ????.
- ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ??????. ?????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ????????, ????? ?????? ???? ????? ????????. ??? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ????????? ????? ?? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??????.
- ???? ??? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????. ???? ????????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? (??? ????????? ????????), ????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????, ??? ???? ?????? ??????, ??? ???????? ??????? ????????. ????? ????????? ?????????? ?????????, ???????? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ????, ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ????????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ???????? ??? ??? ???.
????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????????, ??? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ???.
??????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ????????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????, ??????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?????. ?????? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ????.
????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ????. ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ???? (????????, ????, ???? ????? ???? ?? ???). ??? ??, ???? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???? ????. ???? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???, ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ????, ???? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ?"??????" ???? ????? ???????.[7] ????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????. ?????? ???, ????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ???? ????? ????????? ???? ????? ???????, ??????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ????? ????? ???? "???????".
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????
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??? ????? ??? ???? (?? ?? ????) ????? ?????????? ?? ???????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ????. ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? – ???? ?????, ?????? ????? ??????, ???? ????? ????? ?? ?????, ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ??????.
?????? ?????
???????????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??????, ???????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ???????? ????????. ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ????? ?? ??? ???, ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ???????????. ????? ???? ?? ??? ???, ??????? ?? ??? ??????????, ????? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ????. ??? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ??????, ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?? ????. ?????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ??????????? ??????????, ????? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ????.
????? ?????? ????? ?????. ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ??????????????? (EEG), ??????? "??? ???". ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????. ???? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ????, ????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ????. ????? ???, ???? ??"? (REM), ?????? ?? ??? ?????, ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ???????? ???? ????. ??? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ??????, ??????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ????, ?????? ??????? ????.[8] ???? ?? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????.
??????? ???? ????? ?????
????????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????, ??? ??????? ?? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???????? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ?? ??? ????.
??????? ???? ???????? ????.[9] ????????? ??? ??? ????, ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????, ??? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????. ????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????. ?????, ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????. ?????? ???????? ??? ??? ???? ???????? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ???????? ??? ????????.
???????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???????? ???? ?????. ???? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ??25%–30% ?????? ?? ??? ????,[10] ???? ?????? ????? ????? ??80%.[11] ?????? ???????? ?? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????. ????? ?????? ????????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ???????? ????? ?????, ????? ??? ???????? ????? ??????? ???? ???????? ?? ??? ????. ?? ???? ??? ????????, ??????? ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???????? ?????, ?? ???? ????? ????? ????. ????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ???: ??? ??? ???? ???? ??85,000 ??? ??? ??? ???.[12]
??? ???????? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ???????? ?? ??? ????. ???? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ????????, ???? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????.
?????? ???? ????? ????, ??? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ????. ?????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?????. ???? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ????????, ??? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ?????. ???? ???? ??20 ????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?????, ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ?????????, ??? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ??? ???.[13] ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ???????.
?????? ?????
??????????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ????. ???? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ???????, ?? ???? ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ????.
????? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ??????. ????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???????. ?? ?? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ???, ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????, ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ??????? ???.[14] ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????, ???? ????? "?????????" ???? ????? ??? ??? ???? (??? ?? ?????). ??????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ???? "?????" ?????? ?????, ?? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?????, ???? ????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ???????? ????????.
?? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ????????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? – ???? ???????? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?????????. ?????? ??????, ???????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????. ?? ?? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ????-????, ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ????????? ??????? ???????:
- ????? ???????? ???? ?????? ???? ???????? ???????, ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ?????? (????, ????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ??????). ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???????? ??????, ???? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ????, ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ??. ????? ????, ???????? ??????? "??????" ???? ???? ????????, ?????? ???? ???????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ???????? ??????.[15]
- ?????? ???????, ???? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? – ?? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ?? ???? (??????, ???? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ????).[16]
????? ???????????
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???? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ???. ?? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?????, ??? ????, ??????? ?????:
- ???????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????. ??? ???? ???? ???? ???, ???? ???? ????? ????.
- ????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?????. ??? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ???? ????????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????.
- ????? ??? ??? ????????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ??????.
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?????- ???? ???? ?????? ??? ???, ??? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? (???? ??) ?? ??? ???? ??. ???? ????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?????, ???? ????? ??.[17] ????? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??, ??? ?????? ????? ???, ????? ??????.
- ???? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ????. ???????? ??????? ????? ???? ???????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????, ???? ?? ????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ????.
- ???? ???????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????. ????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ??? ??? ????, ??????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ????. ?????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ??????, ????? ?????? ??????, ?? ????? ????? ????? ??????, ????? ????.
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- ??????? ??????? ?? ????????????, ???? ??????????, ????? ????????? ?? ??? ????, ??????, ?????? ????, ?????????, ????????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ("??????"), ???? ????????, ????? ?????? ?????????. ??? ???, ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? – ????????????? ?? ??? ???? ??? – ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????, ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????, ????? ?????? ??????? ??????.[18]
?????? ?????????? ?? ????
?????
?????? ????? "???" ???? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???????.[19] ?? ???, ???? ???? ???? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???????. ?? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?'? ????? ??????????, ???? ??? ?? ????? ????????? ?? ????? ????????. ??? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ????, ??? ?? ????? ??? ?? ???? ????????.
???? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ??????.[19] ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ????????, ????? ???? ????? ????? ??, ??? ??????? ??? ???, ?????, ???? ???????, ???? ???? ???????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ?????. ??? ???? ????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?????. ?? ???, ?????? ???? 1,700 ???? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ???????.
???"? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ???? (???? ?"?, ?"?), ?? ????? ?? ?? ??????, ????? ???"? ????? ??????? ??????? ???.[20] ????? ??"? ???? ????? ??? ?????????? ??????: ?????[21] ????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?? ???, ???? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ???. ?? ???, ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ”?????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??????.”[22]
?? ????????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ????. ?????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ????. ??? ??? ?????? ?????, ????? ????? ?? ??? ?? ????, ???????, ??????? ???? ?? ???. ?? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ???????? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ?????. ??????, ????? ???, ??? ??????? ?????? ????, ?????? ?? ?? ???? ????? ????? ????? ???? ????, ???? ????? ????? ?????.[23]
???? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ???????. ???????? ????????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ?? "??? ???????".
??? ????? (1600) ??? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ????. ????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??? "????? ????????? ??????" ?? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??????????? ?? ???? ???. ????, ??? ?????, ??? ?????? ?? ????? ??. ?????, ??? ????? ????????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?????. ?? ????? ??????, ?????, ??? ????? ?????????.
???? 1808 ????? ???? ??????????. ?? ?? ????? ???, ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????? ????. ??? ?????? ??? ???? ??, ?? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ?????? ????????, ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ???. ?? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ????. ?????? ?? ?? ????, ??? ????? ??? ???, ??????? ????, ?????? ????, ?????? ??????? ?????. ?????? ?????? ????? ??, ??? ??? ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ???????? ???????, ????? ?? ????, ?? ????????? ????. ?? ?? ???? ???????, ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????, ??? ??? ?????? ????????? (?????, ????? ???') ?? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ????. ??? ??, ??? ???? ???????? ??? ??? ???? ???, ???? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ????????.
??? ????
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?- ? ??? ????? – ???? ????
???? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ???. ?????? ???? ??19 ???? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ?? ????? ????.[19]
?????? ???????? ??? ???????? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ????, ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????, ??? ????????, ?????????? ??? ???? ????? ???????. ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????, ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ????.
????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ????????, ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????.
- ????? ????????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ??????, ???? ????? ?? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ????? ??????. ??? ??, ?? ??????? ????? ?? ????????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????.
- ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???, ??? ????? ?????? ???????????, ?????? ?????????. ????? ????? ?????? ?????? (fMRI) ??? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????. ????? ???? ?????, ????????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ???????????????? (EEG) ??? ????? ?????? ?? "??? ???" ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ????.
- ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ????.
- ???????? 2013 ??? ?????? ???? ??????, ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ????. ??????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ???.
- ?-2013 ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????????? (????? ????) ?? ??. ????? ?????? ??? ??? ????, ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ???. ?? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??. ??? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ????. ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ????, ?? ????????, ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ???????. ??? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ???, ????? ?????, ??????? ????? ?????????.
??? ??
??????????? ?????
?????- "????????? ?????: ?????? ?????", ???? "???????? – ?????? ??????? ?? ?????" ??? ??? ???? ????? ?????, ????? ??????????? ??????, 2001, ??? ?, ??' 706–727.
- ????' ???? ????, ???? ???, ????? ???, ??? ?????, ??' 305–383
- ????' ??? ????, ?????? ????? ???? – ????? ??? ????? ?????? ????, ?????? "?????????? ??????",1989
- Carlson, Neil R. (2009). Physiology of Behavior (10th?ed.). Allyn & Bacon. ISBN?9780205666270.
- ??? ????? "????? ???? ????", 2015
- ????? ?????, ?? ?? ???? ????, ?????, 2019
??????? ????????
?????
? ???, ?? ??? ??????? ???????- ??? ????? ????? ?????????, ????? ?? ????? 10 ??????? ?? ????, ???? ynet, 8 ???? 2012
- ?"? ???? ??, ????? ?????: ??? ???? ??? ??? ????? ?????, ???? ynet, 21 ??????? 2013
? ???? ???? ?????, ?? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?? ?????????, ???? ????, 17 ??????? 2022- ?? ????, ?? ??? ?????, ????? "??? ????-??" ???? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ????, 3 ??????? 2023
???????
?????
? ???? ???, ??? ???? ?? ????? ????????, ????? ????? ??????? "???? ??????", 23 ???? 2014
? 100 MICRON MRI OF THE HUMAN BRAIN – SAGITTAL, ????? ???? ?????? (????: 1:25)
??????
?????- ???? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?? PBS (???????).
- ???, ???? ??????????? ???????? (???????)
????? ??????
?????- ^ White JG, Southgate E, Thomson JN and Brenner S (1986). "The Structure of the Nervous System of the Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 314 (1165): 1–340. doi:10.1098/rstb.1986.0056. ISSN?0080-4622.
{{cite journal}}: ?????? - ?????: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Azevedo FAC, Carvalho LRB, Grinberg LT (2009). "Equal Numbers of Neuronal and Nonneuronal Cells Make the Human Brain an Isometrically Scaled-Up Primate Brain". Journal of Comparative Neurology. 513 (5): 532–541. doi:10.1002/cne.21974.
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