会声会影x8（视频编辑制作软件） V18.0.1.42 中文版
????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????, ????, ?????, ??????, ???? ?? ????. ????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ???, ?? ????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????, ???? ??????. ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? (????? ??????), ????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????,[1] ????: ????? ??, ???? (????? ???? ??????), ?????? ????? ??????, ????.
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????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????, ??? ???? ??????.[1]
?????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????, ???? ?????? ?????? ?????. ???? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????, ?????? ?????? ???, ?????? ???????, ??????? ?? ???????, ?????? ?????? ????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ????, ???? ?????? ????? ????????? ????? ????. ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ????: ???? ?????, ???? ??????? ????, ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?????.[2] ??????, ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?-13.8 ????.[3] ?????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ?? 3 ????? ???? ???? ???????.[4] ??????? ???????, ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ??????.[5]
??? ????? ???? ???????, ??? ???? 2017 ?-8,000 ??? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ????.[6] ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ?-800 ??? ??? ??? ???.[7]
?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????:
- ????? ???? - ???? ???????? ?????? ?????. ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ?? 90% ????? ???? ?????, ?????? ??????.[8][9][10]
- ????? ????? ?? ???????? ????? ????? ???,[11] ?????,[12] ???????,[13] ?????,[14] ??? (??????)[15] ?????????.[16]
- ????? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ??? ??,[17] ????? ??, ????? ??[18] ????? ????.[19]
- ??? ???????? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ???? (?????) ????.[20]
- ??? ???????? ???? ????,[21] ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?????.[22] ????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ??? ????? ??????.[23]
- ????? ??????? ????: ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ?-21 ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ????. ???? ?? ??? ???? ???? ????? ????, ??? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ???????. ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????, ?????? ?????? ?????? ????. ????? ???? ?"???????? ?????????" ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???-??????.[24]
- ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????? ????????? ??? ?????? ???????, ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ????.[25][26]
????? ?????
?????- ? ??? ????? – ????? ?????
??????? "????? ?????", "????? ????" ?? "????? ??? ?????" ???????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????, ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ???????? ??? ???????.[27]
????? ????? ???? ???? ?-7,000 ????????, ????? ???? ??????? ???????.[28] ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ??? 9 ??? ?????? ?????, ???? ??????? ?????? ?????, ???? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ???????,[27] ??? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????, ?????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ????? ???????, ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ???????. ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ????? ??????, ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????.[28]
?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ???, ???? ????? ???? ????, ???? ????? ?? ?-50,000 ???? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ?????.[28][29][30] ??"? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ?-30-20%.[29] ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????, ???? ??? ????.[29] ??? ?????? ???? ?????? - ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?? ????? ???? - ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????, ????? ???????, ??????? ????? ??????, ????.[29][28][30]
?? ???, ???? ???? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????????? UCLA ????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ???????.[31]
????? ???? - ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ???????, ???? ???, ?????? ?????????.[32]
???? ????? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? (??') ???? ??-??????, ??? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?????????? ????? ?????, ????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? 1988 - ?? 87.9% ???? ???-?????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? - ???? 2014, ?? ??????? ???? ?-25.2% ?????????? ???-??????. ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??????, ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ??????, ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????? ????. ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????, ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?????-???????? ?????, ????? ?????? "??????? ????" ?????? ?????? 3–11. ????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ????????, ??? ?????-???????? ?????? ?????, ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?????.[28]
????? ??? ??????
?????- ? ??? ????? – ????? ??? ??????
???? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???-???? ????? ?? ?????????? ??????? ??? "Third hand smoke" - ???? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????.
???? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????, ???????? ??????, ?????? ????? ???????. ??? ?? ??, ?????? ???? ???????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?????? (???? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????).[33][34]
??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????????. ?????, ????? ????? ?? ???? ?????, ?? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ??????.[35]
?????? ???????? ????, ???? ???? ????? ??????? ?????, ?????? ???? ????? (??') ??? ????? ??????? ??????, ??? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????.
?????? ?????? ??????
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?- ? ??? ????? – ????? ??? ?????
????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???????, ???? ?????? ?????? ?????. ????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ???????,[36] ?? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????. ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ?? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ???. ????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ?????. ?????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????. ????? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ???:
- ????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ??????? (?? ??? 18).
- ???? ??? ????? ?? ?? ????? ???????, ??? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??????.
- ???? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ?????? ????????, ?? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ???.
- ????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ???????, ?? ??? ???? ?????? ????.
?????? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ??????, ?'???"?-1983.
?-2010 ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????.[37]
?-2021 ?????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ???? 2027 ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? 2008 ????? (?? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ???).
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????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??????. ??? ???? ??, ??? "????" ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ??????, ?? ?? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ????.
????? ??????
???????????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ??????????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ??? 1990 ??? 2002 ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????, ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?-50, ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ??????.[38]
????? ??? ?????? ???? ???????, ????? ????? ????? ?-30. ????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ???????:
- ???? ???? ????? ????? ????? 350 ??? ???? ???? ????? ???? ??? ???? "?????? ?????" ????? ?'???? ????, ?? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????.
- ??????? ????? ???? 500 ??? ???? ????? ????? ????????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????.
???? ??? ???? ???? ??? ????? ????, ???? ??? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ????.
?????? ??????
?????- ? ??? ????? – ????? ??????
????? ???????
????????? 1959 ?????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ??-48% ??????? ??? ??? 18 ??????, ??-13% ?????? ??? ??? 18 ??????.[39] ???? 1972 ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? 48%, ?????? ????? ??? ?-23%. ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? 63%.[40][41] ??? ?? ???? ??? ?????? 1988 ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ?-80 ??-37% ???? 1983 ?-28.5% ?????? 1988.[42][43]
???? 2007 ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??-26.7%, ????? ???????? ??????? ??-19.7%, ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??-39.8% ?????? ??????? ??????? ??-6.8%.[44] ???? 2017 ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??-23.3%, ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ????? ??-16.9%, ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??-38.2% ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??-7.2%.[45]
?? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????, ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? 2017 ??? ?? 26.6% ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ?? 12.1%. ????? ?????? ????? ???????-?????? ????? ??? ?? 19.2% ?????? ???????-?????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? 13.0%.[46]
???? ??? ???? ??????, ???? 2022 ??? ????? ???? ????? ??????, ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? (2021). ?-2022 ????? 13.7 ???? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? 14-12, ????? 3.4 ?????? ???? 2021. ??? ??, ????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? 17-15 ???? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ???????? – ?-4.7 ?????? ???? 2019 ?-9.8 ?????? ?????? ?????? ?-2022.[47] ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ?????. ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ???????? ???????? ??????????? ??? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????.[48]
?? ?? ????? ??"? ?????? ?-2023 ????? ???? ??????? ?????? 2025, 20.5% ?????????? ????? ???? 21 ??????. ???"? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ?-3.6 ??????? ???. ??? ??????, ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?-2023 ?? ???? ?-10 ??????? ???.[49]
?????
?????????? ?????, ??? ????? ?-80, ?????? ??????, ????? ???? ??????. ??? ???? 2003 ?????? ????? ?-FCTC, ???? ????????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???[50].
??? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ???, ???"?–1983, ??? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????. ?? ?? ????, ??? ????? "?????? ???? ?????? ???????", ??? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ?????, ???? ????, ?????????, ???????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ???????, ???? ?????? ???????? ????-?????? ????. ???? ????? ????? ????? ?????, ????, ???????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ????????, ???? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ???????, ????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ???? ????, ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ???????. ???? ?? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ????????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????[50]. ??? ???? 2014 ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ???????, ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ????????? ?????? ???????[50].
????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????, ???? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?????, ??? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????. ???? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ????????? ???? ??????, ??? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ???????, ??????, ????? ??????? ??????, ????? ????, ??? ???????, ?????? ????????, ???????? ????? ????.[51]
???? 2019 ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??"?,[52] ????? ?? ?? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ????, ??? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ???????? ??????? (????, ????? ??????? ???? ???). ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????????, ????? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ?????????, ??? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ????. ?????, ???? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???????. ???? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ???????, ???? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??????, ???? ???? ???? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ??????. ???? ??? ??? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????????? ?? ??????? ???? ??????, ???? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???????, ???? ?? ?? ?? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ????? 448c.
?????? ?????
?????????? ??????
????????? ???? ??? ?????, ?????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??????, ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????????? ?? ????? ????.[53] ?????? ??? ??? ????????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??????, ???? ?? ?? ????? ”???? ????? ?'”?(?????:????? ??? ?) ????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ?"??? ?? ????" (????? ??? ????? ??????). ?? ?? ?? ????? ?? ?? ?? ??? ????? ???? ??? ????.[54]
?????? ???? ???? "??? ??????" ??? ???? ???? "???? ????? ?'" ???? ?? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ???????: ”???? ???? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ??? (??? ?????? ????? ???? ??) ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ?? ?? ?? ????? ?? ?? ????? ...'??????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?''. ??? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ????, ???????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ???,... ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ???? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ????????? ??? ?????? ???? ??????, ??????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ????????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? '????? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ??'... ?? ?? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?'”.[55]
????? ???? ???
????????? ???? ??????[56] ?? ?? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ????, ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ???, ???? ????? ???????? (????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????) ???? ?????? ????? ???. ????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??? ???.[57][58] ??? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ????, ???? ??????? ???? ????. ??? ?? ???? ????, ????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ??, ?? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ??? ??? ?????.[59]
????? ???????? ????
???????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??????, ???? ??????? ????? ???????? ????? ???? ??????? ????, ????? ?? ???. ????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ????, ??? ?? ????? ???????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ????.[60]
??????? ????????
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- ??? ????? "????? ???" – ?????? ??? ?????, ???? ???? ?? ???? ???????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????????
- ????? ??????? ?? ??????, ??? ?????? ?????? ?????
- ??? ???? ??? ????? ?? ?? ?????, ?????? ??????.
- ??? ?????? ????, ????? ???? - ??????? ?', ??? ? (????? ????? ????): ? – ????? ?????, ? – ?????? ??????, ? – ?????? ???? ??? ?????, ?? – ??? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ???????, ?? – ??? ???? ????? ??????? ??????, ?? – ?????? ??? ?????
- ??????? ???, ?? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???, ???????? ???????
- ???? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????, ???? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ??????. 3 ??????? 2004
- ?? ???, ?????: ??? ????? ???? ???? ??????, ???? ynet, 13 ????? 2007
- ????? ??????????, ??????? ???? ?????? ????, ???? ??????, 3 ?????? 2016
? ???? ?????, ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?-8 ??????? ????? ???? ?? ???????, ???? TheMarker?, 31 ???? 2016- ?"? ??? ????, ?????: ?? ????? ????? ?? ?? ??? ???? ????, ???? ?????, 31 ???? 2018
? ?????: ?? ????? ????- ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????: 1996-2012 (???????)
- ????????? ????? (???????)
- ???? ???? (???????)
? ????? ????, ?? ??? ??????? ???????- ?????, ???? ??????????? ???????? (???????)
????? ??????
?????- ^ 1 2 BMJ 1984;288:831-34
- ^ ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ????: ???-??????
- ^ MMWR (Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report) April 12, 2002 / 51(14);300-3
- ^ Am J Public Health 1995:1223-
- ^ Mortality in relation to smoking: 50 years’ observations on male British doctors. BMJ doi:10.1136/bmj.38142.554479.AE (published 22 June 2004)
- ^ ???? ?????, ??"?: ?-8,000 ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????, ???? ????, 31 ???? 2018
- ^ ????? ??????? ?????, ?-8,000 ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ???, ?-800 ?????? ?????? ?????, ???? ??????? ????? Doctors Only
- ^ Lung cancer - Symptoms and causes, Mayo Clinic (???????)
- ^ ????? ????? ?????
- ^ Smoking and Lung Cancer: How Does Smoking Increase Your Risk?, Healthline, ?2025-08-07 (???????)
- ^ Oral Cancer and Tobacco, www.hopkinsmedicine.org (???????)
- ^ ????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ??? ?????????: ????? ?????? ????-??????
- ^ ?'? ??????????, ???? , ?. ???????, ??? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ???
- ^ Smoking and the Digestive System, www.hopkinsmedicine.org (???????)
- ^ ????? ?'?????, ????? ??????? ??????? ?????
- ^ Bladder Cancer Risk Factors, www.cancer.org (???????)
- ^ ??? ??, ???? ????? ??????? ?????? (???????)
- ^ Smoking and Heart Disease, WebMD (???????)
- ^ ?? ???, ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????, ???? ????? - ????? ???????
- ^ P Raju, R George, S Ve Ramesh, H Arvind, Influence of tobacco use on cataract development, The British Journal of Ophthalmology 90, 2006-11, ??' 1374–1377 doi: 10.1136/bjo.2006.097295
- ^ 10 Ways Smoking Damages Your Skin, Verywell Mind (???????)
- ^ Dr Sarah Jarvis MBE 04-Jan-21 · 5 mins read, What smoking cigarettes does to your skin, patient.info (???????)
- ^ Taraneh Yazdanparast, Hournaz Hassanzadeh, Saman Ahmad Nasrollahi, Seyed Mohammad Seyedmehdi, Cigarettes Smoking and Skin: A Comparison Study of the Biophysical Properties of Skin in Smokers and Non-Smokers, Tanaffos 18, 2019-2, ??' 163–168
- ^ ???? ????? / ????' ???? ????, ???? www.daat.ac.il
- ^ ????? ?? ????: ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ??????, ???? ?????
- ^ Smoking and mental health, ????? ??????? ????, ???????
- ^ 1 2 ????? ??????? ?? ??????, ???? ?????? ?????? ?????
- ^ 1 2 3 4 5 ?????? ?? ????? ?????, ???? ??????? ????? ????? ???????
- ^ 1 2 3 4 Zahid Naeem, Second-hand smoke – ignored implications, ??????? ???????? ???????, ?9.4.15
- ^ 1 2 ????? ?????, ???? ????? ??????? ??????, ?23 July 2018
- ^ James E Enstrom, Environmental tobacco smoke and tobacco related mortality in a prospective study of Californians, 1960-98 , 2003
- ^ ????? ??????? ?? ??????, ???? ?????? ?????? ?????
- ^ Mohamad Sleiman, Lara A. Gundel, James F. Pankow, Peyton Jacob, Formation of carcinogens indoors by surface-mediated reactions of nicotine with nitrous acid, leading to potential thirdhand smoke hazards, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 107, 2025-08-07, ??' 6576–6581 doi: 10.1073/pnas.0912820107
- ^ Mohamad Sleiman, Lara A. Gundel, James F. Pankow, Peyton Jacob, Formation of carcinogens indoors by surface-mediated reactions of nicotine with nitrous acid, leading to potential thirdhand smoke hazards, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 107, 2025-08-07, ??' 6576–6581 doi: 10.1073/pnas.0912820107
- ^ ????? ?????? ?? ???? - ???? ??????, ?8 ?????? 2016
- ^ ???? ????, ???, ??? ?????? ????????, ????: ??????? ?????, ???????: ????, 2017
- ^ ????? ???? ?????: ????? ????? ????? ???????, ???? ynet, 9 ?????? 2021
- ^ ????' ??-??? ???,???? ?????? ?????? ?????-??????: ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ????, ???? "?????", 25 ????? 2005
- ^ ???? ????????? ????, ?????, 22 ????? 1959
- ^ 48% ??????? ??????? ??????, ???, 13 ???? 1972
- ^ ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ???? 1970. ???: ??? ????, ??? ??? ?????, ???, 12 ????? 1970
- ^ ???? ????? ??? ????????, ?????, 27 ?????? 1988
- ^ ??? ??: ????? ????, ????? "????? ???" ???? ?????? ????, ?????, 3 ??????? 1986
- ^ ??? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? 2007-2008, ??? 2008, ??? ???? ???????
- ^
? "?? ????? ???? ?????": ??? ????? ?????? ???? ????????, ????? ????? "??? | ????? - ????? ?????? ???????", ???? ?????? (????: 09:31)
- ^ ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? - ??"? ????? 2015-2017. ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????. ????? 2018. ???? 29
- ^ ??? ????? - ????? ?????? 2022, ???? ????? ?????? ??????
- ^ ????? ?? ???????? ???????????, ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ????, ?2025-08-07
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